Sutras 1 Ekadhikina Purvena COROLLARY: Anurupyena Meaning: By one more than the previous one 2 Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah COROLLARY: Sisyate Sesasamjnah Meaning: All from 9 and the last from 10 3 Urdhva-Tiryagbyham COROLLARY: Adyamadyenantyamantyena Meaning: Vertically and crosswise 4 Paraavartya Yojayet COROLLARY: Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyat Meaning: Transpose and adjust 5 Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye COROLLARY: Vestanam Meaning: When the sum is the same that sum is zero. The Sutra (formula) Ekādhikena Pūrvena means: “By one more than the previous one”. Now let us apply this sutra to the ‘ squaring of numbers ending in 5’. Consider the example 25^2. Here the number is 25.
We have to find out the square of the number. For the number 25, the last digit is 5 and the 'previous' digit is 2. Hence, 'one more than the previous one', that is, 2+1=3. The Sutra, in this context, gives the procedure 'to multiply the previous digit 2 by one more than itself, that is, by 3.
It becomes the L.H.S (left hand side) of the result, that is, 2 X 3 = 6. The R.H.S (right hand side) of the result is 5^2, that is, 25.
Thus 25^2 = 2 X 3 / 25 = 6/25=625. In the same way, 35^2= 3 X (3+1) /25 = 3 X 4/ 25 = 1225; 65^2= 6 X 7 / 25 = 4225; 105^2= 10 X 11/25 = 11025; 135^2= 13 X 14/25 = 18225; Now try to find out the squares of the numbers 15, 45, 85, 125, 175 and verify the answers. We now take examples of 1 / a9, where a = 1, 2, -, 9. In the conversion of such vulgar fractions into recurring decimals, Ekadhikena Purvena process can be effectively used both in division and multiplication. Multiplication Method: Value of 1 / 19 First we recognize the last digit of the denominator of the type 1 / a9.
Here the last digit is 9. For a fraction of the form in whose denominator 9 is the last digit, we take the case of 1 / 19 as follows: For 1 / 19, 'previous' of 19 is 1. And one more than of it is 1 + 1 = 2. Therefore 2 is the multiplier for the conversion.
We write the last digit in the numerator as 1 and follow the steps leftwards. 2: 21(multiply 1 by 2, put to left) Step. 3: 421(multiply 2 by 2, put to left) Step. 4: 8421(multiply 4 by 2, put to left) Step. 5: 1 68421 (multiply 8 by 2=16, 1 carried over, 6 put to left) Step. 6: 1 368421 ( 6 X 2 =12,+1 = 13, 1 carried over, 3 put to left ) Step. 7: 7368421 ( 3 X 2, = 6 +1 = 7, put to left) Step.
8: 1 47368421 (as in the same process) Step. 9: 947368421 ( Do – continue to step 18) Step. 11: 1 1 Step. 12: 1 21 Step. 13: 1 421 Step.
14: 8421 Step. 15: 68421 Step.
16: 1 368421 Step. 17: 7368421 Step.
18: 1 47368421 Now from step 18 onwards the same numbers and order towards left continue. Thus 1 / 19 = 0.47368421 Find the recurring decimal form of the fractions 1 / 29, 1 / 59, 1 / 69, 1 / 79, 1 / 89 using Ekadhika process. The formula simply means: “ all from 9 and the last from 10” The formula can be very effectively applied in multiplication of numbers, which are nearer to bases like 10, 100, 1000 i.e., to the powers of 10(eg: 96 x 98 or 102 x 104).
The procedure of multiplication using the Nikhilam involves minimum number of steps, space, time saving and only mental calculation. The numbers taken can be either less or more than the base considered. Case (i): when both the numbers are lower than the base.
Find 97 X 94. Here base is 100. Now following the rules, the working is as follows: 97 is 3 less than the nearest base 100. And 94 is 6 less than the same nearest base 100. Hence 3 and 6 are called deviations from the base. Always the base should be same for the two numbers. = Note: Here '/' signifies just a seperation and has nothing to do with division.
In genreal, let N1 and N2 be two numbers near to a given base in powers of 10, and D1 and D2 are their respective deviations from the base. Then N1 X N2 can be represented as: Case ( ii): When both the numbers are higher than the base. The method and rules follow as they are.
The only difference is the positive deviation. Instead of cross – subtract, we follow cross – add.104 X 102. Note: We are considering 04x02=08 and appending '08' and not just '4x2=8'. This is done because, we need to consider two digits in deviation as it the base 100 has two zeros. If the deviation is near 1000 then we need to consider 3 digits in the deviation (eg, 004 and not just 4). Case ( iii ): One number is more and the other is less than the base.
In this situation one deviation is positive and the other is negative. So the product of deviations becomes negative. So the right hand side of the answer obtained will therefore have to be subtracted. To have a clear representation and understanding a vinculum is used. It proceeds into normalization. The upa-Sutra ' Anurupyena' means ' proportionality' or ' similarly'.
This Sutra is highly useful to find products of two numbers when both of them are near the Common bases like 50, 60, 200 etc(multiples of powers of 10). Example 1: 46 X 43 As per the previous methods, if we select 100 as base we get This is much more difficult and of no use. Now by ‘Anurupyena’ we consider a different working base through we can solve the problem. Take the nearest higher multiple of 10.
In this case it is 50. Treat it as 100 / 2 = 50. Now the steps are as follows: i) Choose the working base near to the numbers under consideration. I.e., working base is 100 / 2 = 50 ii) Write the numbers one below the other iii) Write the differences of the two numbers respectively from 50 against each number on right side iv) Write cross-subtraction or cross- addition as the case may be under the line drawn.
Multiply the differences and write the product in the left side of the answer. V) Since base is 100 / 2 = 50, 39 in the answer represents 39X50. Hence divide 39 by 2 because 50 = 100 / 2 Thus 39 ÷ 2 gives 19½ where 19 is quotient and 1 is remainder.
This 1 as Reminder gives one 50 making the L.H.S of the answer 28 + 50 = 78(or Remainder ½ x 100 + 28 ) i.e. 19 and L.H.S. 78 together give the answer 1978. We represent it as Solve 58 x 48: Working base 50 = 5 x 10 gives Find the following products.
Ex.1: Find the product 14 X 12 The symbols are operated from right to left. Step i): Step ii): Step iii): Let us work another problem by placing the carried over digits under the first row and proceed. Steps: i) 4 X 6 = 24: 2, the carried over digit is placed below the second digit. Ii) (3 X 6) + (4 x 1) = 18 + 4 = 22; 2, the carried over digit is placed below third digit. Iii) (2 X 6) + (3 X 1) + (4 X 3) = 12 + 3 + 12 = 27; 2, the carried over digit is placed below fourth digit. Iv) (2 X 1) + ( 3 X 3) = 2 + 9 = 11; 1, the carried over digit is placed below fifth digit. V) ( 2 X 3 ) = 6.
16 Sutras Of Vedic Mathematics
Vi) Respective digits are added. General rule for a 3 digit by 3 digit multiplication. The Sutra ' Adyamadyena-Antyamantyena' means 'the first by the first and the last by the last'. Suppose we are asked to find out the area of a rectangular card board whose length and breadth are respectively 6ft. 4 inches and 5 ft. Generally we continue the problem like this.
Area = Length X Breath By Vedic principles we proceed in the way 'the first by first and the last by last' i.e. 6’ 4' can be treated as 6x + 4 and 5’ 8' as 5x + 8, Where x= 1ft.
= 12 in; x2 is sq. Now ( 6x + 4 )(5x + 8 ) It is interesting to know that a mathematically untrained and even uneducated carpenter simply works in this way by mental argumentation. It goes in his mind like this 6’ 4' 5’ 8' First by first i.e. 6’ X 5’ = 30 sq. Last by last i.e. 4' X 8' = 32 sq.
Now cross wise 6 X 8 + 5 x 4 = 48 +20 = 68. Adjust as many '12' s as possible towards left as 'units' i.e. 68 = 5 X 12 +8, 5 twelve's as 5 square feet make the first 30+5 = 35 sq. Ft; 8 left becomes 8 x 12 square inches and go towards right i.e.
8 x 12 = 96 sq. Towards right ives 96+32 = 128sq.in.
Thus he got area in some sort of 35 squints and another sort of 128 sq. In Another Example: Now 12 + 2 = 14, 10 x 12 + 24 = 120 + 24 = 144 Thus 4′ 6″ x 3′ 4″ = 14 Sq. Since 144 sq. In = 12 X 12 = 1 sq. The answer is 15 sq. This Sutra means 'by addition and by subtraction'. It can be applied in solving a special type of simultaneous equations where the x - coefficients and the y - coefficients are found interchanged.
Example 1: 45x – 23y = 113 23x – 45y = 91 From Sankalana – vyavakalanabhyam add them, i.e., ( 45x – 23y ) + ( 23x – 45y ) = 113 + 91 i.e., 68x – 68y = 204 i.e., x – y = 3 subtract one from other, i.e., ( 45x – 23y ) – ( 23x – 45y ) = 113 – 91 i.e., 22x + 22y = 22 i.e., x + y = 1 and repeat the same sutra, we get x = 2 and y = - 1 Example 2: 1955x – 476y = 2482 476x – 1955y = -4913 Oh! What a problem! And still just add, 2431( x – y ) = - 2431 i.e., x – y = -1 subtract, 1479 ( x + y ) = 7395 i.e., x + y = 5 once again add, 2x = 4 x = 2 subtract - 2y = - 6 y = 3 Solve the following problems using Sankalana – Vyavakalanabhyam.
3x + 2y = 18 2x + 3y = 17 2. 5x – 21y = 26 21x – 5y = 26. This sutra means whatever the extent of its deficiency, lessen it still further to that very extent; and also set up the square of that deficiency. This sutra is very handy in calculating squares of numbers near(lesser) to powers of 10 For instance in computing the square of 98 we go through the following steps: 1. The nearest power of 10 to 98 is 100. Therefore, let us take 100 as our base.
Since 98 is 2 less than 100, we call 2 as the deficiency. Decrease the given number further by an amount equal to the deficiency.
I.e., perform ( 98 -2 ) = 96. This is the left side of our answer!! On the right hand side put the square of the deficiency, that is square of 2 = 04. Append the results from step 4 and 5 to get the result. Hence the answer is 9604.
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This sutra means whatever the extent of its surplus, increment it still further to that very extent; and also set up the square of that surplus. This sutra is very useful in calculating the sqaures of numbers nearer(greater) to powers of 10. For instance: in computing the square of 103 we go through the following steps: 1. The nearest power of 10 to 103 is 100. Therefore, let us take 100 as our base. Since 103 is 3 more than 100(base), we call 3 as the surplus. Increase the given number further by an amount equal to the surplus.
I.e., perform ( 103 + 3 ) = 106. This is the left side of our answer!! On the right hand side put the square of the surplus, that is square of 3 = 09.
Append the results from step 4 and 5 to get the result. Hence the answer is 10609. Note: while calculating step 5, the number of digits in the squared number (09) should be equal to number of zeroes in the base(100). Hence in our case, the base 100 has 2 zeros and hence sqaure of 3 is 09 and not just 9. Similarly if we need to calculate the square of 1009, 1. The nearest power of 10 to 1009 is 1000.
Therefore, let us take 1000 as our base. Since 1009 is 9 more than 1000(base), we call 9 as the surplus. Increase the given number further by an amount equal to the surplus. I.e., perform ( 1009 + 9 ) = 1018. This is the left side of our answer!! On the right hand side put the square of the surplus, that is square of 9 = 081.(not just 81!) 6. Append the results from step 4 and 5 to get the result.
Hence the answer is 1018081. Try to find the square of 106 and 19 using this sutra.
Now here's a twist. What is sqaure of 112 using this rule? Will this rule apply? Answer is Yes.
But we need to stick to basics and use some common sense. The base is 100.
Surplus = 12 4. Increase the given number by surplus i.e. ( 112 + 12 ) = 124 5. Square of surplus, 12 = 144. By rule we need to consider only 2 digits in step 5 ( as the base has 2 zeros ) 6.
We have to append 124 and 144. The '1' in 144 becomes 'carry' to 124. Hence the result is (124 +1 ) appended with 44 i.e., 12544 is the result. Dont get confused. Try this example to make yourself more confident. Find the square of 111.
Now try to find the square of 10101. The Sutra simply means - numbers of which the last digits added up give 10. This sutra is helpful in multiplying numbers whose last digits add up to 10(or powers of 10). The remaining digits of the numbers should be identical. The Sutra works in multiplication of numbers for example: 25 and 25, 2 is common and 5 + 5 = 10 47 and 43, 4 is common and 7 + 3 = 10 62 and 68, 116 and 114. And also for 425 and 475 The last example can be looked as digit 4 being common and 25 and 75 add upto 100. Note that in each case the sum of the last digit of first number to the last digit of second number is 10.
Further the portion of digits or numbers left wards to the last digits remain the same. At that instant use Ekadhikena on left hand side digits. Multiplication of the last digits gives the right hand part of the answer.
Example 1: 57 X 53 See the end digits sum 7 + 3 = 10; then by the sutras Antyayor dasakepi and Ekadhikena we have the answer. Ekadhikena to the remaining digits means, increment the remaining digits by 1 and multiply it with the same. 57 x 53 = ( 5 + 1 )x5 / 7x3 ( the '/' is just a seperator and not a division mark) = 30 / 21 = 3021. Example 2: 62 x 68 2 + 8 = 10, L.H.S. Portion remains the same i.e., 6. Ekadhikena(increment) of 6 gives 7 62 x 68 = ( 6 x 7 ) / ( 2 x 8 ) = 42 / 16 = 4216. Use Vedic sutras to find the products 1.
98 x 92 It is further interesting to note that the same rule works when the sum of the last 2, last 3, last 4 -digits added respectively equal to 100, 1000, 10000 -. The simple point to remember is to multiply each product by 10, 100, 1000, -as the case may be. Your can observe that this is more convenient while working with the product of 3 digit numbers. 1: 292 x 208 Here 92 + 08 = 100, L.H.S portion is same i.e.
2 292 x 208 = ( 2 x 3 ) / 92 x 8 = 60 / 736 ( for 100 raise the L.H.S. Product by 0 ) = 60736. Find the following products using ‘Antyayordasakepi’ 1. Consider the case of factorization of quadratic equation of type ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + dxy + eyz + fzx. This is a homogeneous equation of second degree in three variables x, y, z. The sub-sutra removes the difficulty and makes the factorization simple.
The steps are as follows: i) Eliminate z by putting z = 0 and retain x and y and factorize thus obtained a quadratic in x and y by means of Adyamadyena sutra. Ii) Similarly eliminate y and retain x and z and factorize the quadratic in x and z. Iii) With these two sets of factors, fill in the gaps caused by the elimination process of z and y respectively.
This gives actual factors of the expression. Step (i): Eliminate y and z, retain x and independent term i.e., y = 0, z = 0 in the expression (E). Then E = 3x 2 + 19x + 20 = (x + 5) (3x + 4) Step (ii): Eliminate z and x, retain y and independent term i.e., z = 0, x = 0 in the expression. Then E = 6y 2 + 22y + 20 = (2y + 4) (3y + 5) Step (iii): Eliminate x and y, retain z and independent term i.e., x = 0, y = 0 in the expression. Then E = 2z 2 + 13z + 20 = (z + 4) (2z + 5) Step (iv): The expression has the factors (think of independent terms: constants) = (3x + 2y + z + 4) (x + 3y + 2z + 5).
Contents. History Although the book was first published in 1965, Tirthaji had been propagating the techniques since much earlier, through lectures and classes.
He wrote the book in 1957.: 10 It was published in 1965, five years after his death as 367 pages in forty chapters. Reprints were made in 1975 and 1978 with fewer typographical errors. Several reprints have been made since the 1990s.: 6 Contents The book contains sixteen and fifteen sub-sutras, each of which lists a mental calculation technique. ^ (December 2006).
Originally published as a 2-part article in Frontline, 22 October and 5 November 1993. The updated version appears in Kandasamy and Smarandache (2006). Vasantha Kandasamy; Florentin Smarandache (December 2006). American Research Press. Retrieved 23 May 2013. Biographical sketch by Manjula Trivedi, 1965 in book Vedic Mathematics, pages x, xi.
Thakur (1 November 2009). Unicorn and Dragon Books. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Hartosh Singh Bal. Open Magazine. 14 August 2010. Shukla, Vedic mathematics — the illusive title of Swamiji’s book, Mathematical Education, Vol 5: No. 3, January–March 1989. K.S. Shukla, Mathematics — The Deceptive Title of Swamiji’s Book, in Issues in Vedic Mathematics, (ed: H.C.Khare), Rashtriya Veda Vidya Prakashan and Motilal Banarasidass Publ., 1991.
Alex Bellos (2010). Alex's Adventures in Numberland. The Hindu, 14 August 2001. Glover, James (17 October 2014). Retrieved 4 January 2016.
The Vedic Mathematics Sutras This list of sutras is taken from the book Vedic Mathematics, which includes a full list of the sixteen Sutras in Sanskrit, but in some cases a translation of the Sanskrit is not given in the text and comes from elsewhere. This formula 'On the Flag' is not in the list given in Vedic Mathematics, but is referred to in the text.
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